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Quercus humboldtii
''Quercus humboldtii'', commonly known as the Andean oak, Colombian oak or roble, is a species of oak in the beech family found only in Colombia and Panamá. It grows in the mountains with an altitudinal range from 1,000 to 3,200 m. It is found on all three Colombian Andean cordilleras and some lowland inter-Andean regions.〔Muller, C. H. 1942. The Central American species of ''Quercus''. United States Department of Agriculture. Bureau of Plant Industry. Miscellaneous Publication 477: 1–216〕〔(Muller, C. H. 1960. Flora of Panama, Part IV. Fascicle 2. Fagaceae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 47(2): 95–104 )〕
==Description==
''Quercus humboldtii'' is an evergreen tree which grows to a height of 25 meters and a diameter of 1 meter, with buttresses of up to 1 meter. Its bark is reddish grey or grey and fissured, breaking into squares and flaking. The leaves simple, alternate and lanceolate, up to 10–20 cm long, and clustered at the ends of the branches. The flowers are small, yellow, and unisexual, with a racemic inflorescence. Male flowers are numerous, with long-styled female flowers in a cupula. The fruit is a light brown, ovoid capsule, or acorn, with a leathery pericarp, 20–25 mm in diameter and 50–70 mm long, resting on a scaly cupule. Only one fruit per cupule is developed, and the inside of the acorn shell is woolly.〔(Bonpland, Aimé Jacques Alexandre 1809. Plantae Aequinoctiales 2: 155-156 ) short description in Latin, longer description plus commentary and figure captions in French〕〔(Bonpland, Aimé Jacques Alexandre 1809. Plantae Aequinoctiales 2: plate 130 ) full-page drawing of ''Quercus humboldtii''〕
The tree grows in the Andean highlands where the mean annual temperature is 16−24 °C, and the mean annual rainfall 1500–2500 mm. It can be found in moderately fertile and deep soils as well as in degraded soils, preferring shallow soils with a thick layer of humus. The acorns provide important food for wildlife; two parrots - the rusty-faced parrot and Fuertes's parrot - are endemic to the threatened montane ecosystems of the Colombian Andes and are particularly dependent on the Andean oak forests as a home.〔
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